PL: EMERGENCJA KONTEKSTOWA |
|||
Źódło/source: |
Roczniki Filozoficzne, 66 (2018), nr 3 |
||
Strony/pages: | 123-146 |
http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rf.2018.66.3-6
Streszczenie
Celem artykułu jest analiza pojęcia emergencji kontekstowej oraz jego wybranych zastosowań w filozofii umysłu i kognitywistyce. W pierwszej sekcji autor przedstawia ogólne założenia emergentystycznego obrazu rzeczywistości. Zwraca uwagę, że pojęcie emergencji ma zastosowanie do opisu różnych poziomów rzeczywistości — jednym z nich jest poziom systemów umysłowo-‑poznawczych badany w filozofii umysłu i kognitywistyce. W kolejnych sekcjach wprowadza definicje emergencji kontekstowej oraz przyczynowości systemowej oraz wskazuje na zastosowania tych pojęć w odniesieniu do systemów umysłowo-poznawczych. W końcowej części artykułu, w nawiązaniu do prac Geralda Edelmana i Michaela Gazzanigi, omawia rolę wyjaśniania kontekstowego w biologii i neurokognitywistyce. Wskazuje również na możliwość wykorzystania pojęcia emergencji kontekstowej w analizie eksternalizmu aktywnego oraz teorii rozszerzonego poznania.
Summary
The purpose of the article is to analyze the concept of contextual emergence as well as its selected applications in philosophy of mind and cognitive science. In the first section the author presents the general assumptions of the emergentist model of reality. He stresses that the concept of emergence can be applied to the description of various levels of organization of nature: one of these levels is that of mental-cognitive processes, analyzed within the fields of philosophy of mind and cognitive science. In the subsequent sections, he introduces the definitions of contextual emergence and systemic causation and he points to their selected applications to mental-cognitive systems. In the concluding part, he presents the ideas of Gerald Edelman and Michael Gazzaniga on the role of contextual explanations as well as the concepts of emergence in the philosophy of biology and cognitive neuroscience. He also indicates the possibility of incorporating the concept of contextual emergence into active externalism and the extended cognition theory.
Słowa kluczowe: emergencja kontekstowa; filozofia umysłu; kognitywistyka; wyjaśnianie kontekstowe.
Key words: contextual emergence; philosophy of mind; cognitive science; contextual explanation.
Bibliografia/References:
-
Andersen, Peter Bøgh, Claus Emmeche, Niels Ole Finnemann, & Peder Voetmann Christiansen (eds.). 2000. Downward Causation: Minds, Bodies and Matter. Åarhus: Åarhus University Press.
-
Atmanspacher, Harald. 2007. “Contextual Emergence: from Physics to Cognitive Neuroscience.” Journal of Consciousness Studies vol. 14, nos. 1-2: 18–36.
-
Aydede, Murat, & Philip Robbins (eds.). 2010. The Cambridge Handbook of Situated Cognition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
-
Batterman, Robert W. 2002. The Devil in the Details. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-
Bechtel, William. 2008. Mental Mechanisms: Philosophical Perspectives on Cognitive Neuroscience. London, New York: Routledge.
-
Bedau, Mark A., & Paul Humphreys (eds.). 2008. Emergence: Contemporary Readings in Philosophy and Science. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
-
Bishop, Robert C. 2008. “Downward Causation in Fluid Convection.” Synthese 160, issue 2: 229–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-006-9112-2.
-
Bishop, Robert C., & Harald Atmanspacher. 2006. “Contextual Emergence in the Description of Properties”, Foundations of Physics vol. 36, no. 12: 1753-72. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10701-006-9082-8.
-
Bunge, Mario. 2003. Emergence and Convergence. Qualitative Novelty and the Unity of Knowledge. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
-
Campbell, Donald T. 1974. “Downward Causation in Hierarchically Organized Biological Systems.” In F[rancisco] J[osé] Ayala & T[heodosius] Dobzhansky (eds.). Studies in the Philosophy of Biology, Berkeley: University of California Press, 179-186. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-1-349-01892-5_11.
-
Chemero, Anthony. 2009. Radical Embodied Cognitive Science. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
-
Clark, Andy, & David Chalmers. 1998. “The Extended Mind.” Analysis vol. 58. no. 1: 7–19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/58.1.7.
-
Clark, Andy. 2008. Supersizing the Mind: Embodiment, Action, and Cognitive Extension. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-
Clayton, Philip. 2004. Mind and Emergence. From Quantum to Consciousness, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-
Edelman, Gerald. 1992. Bright Air, Brilliant Fire: On the Matter of the Mind. New York: Basic Books.
-
Ellis, George F.R. 2006. “On the Nature of Emergent Reality.” In Philip Clayton & Paul Davies (eds.). The Re-Emergence of Emergence, 79–110. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-
Emmeche, Claus, Simo Køppe, & Frederik Stjernfelt. 2000. “Levels, Emergence, and Three Versions of Downward Causation.” In Peter Bøgh Andersen, Claus
-
Emmeche, Niels Ole Finnemann, & Peder Voetmann Christiansen (eds.). Downward Causation: Minds, Bodies and Matte, 13–34. Åarhus: Åarhus University Press.
-
Gazzaniga, Michael S. 2012. Who’s in charge? Free will and the science of the brain. New York: Harper-Collins.
-
Karniloff-Smith, Anette. 1992. Beyond Modularity: A Developmental Perspective on Cognitive Science. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
-
Newman, David V. 1996. “Emergence and Strange Attractors”, Philosophy of Science vol. 63, no. 2: 245–61. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/289911.
-
Newman, David V. 2001; “Chaos, Emergence, and the Mind-Body Problem.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 79, 180-196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/713931202.
-
Nickles, Thomas. 1973. “Two Concepts of Reduction.” Journal of Philosophy vol. 70, issue 7: 181-201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2024906.
-
Poczobut Robert. 2008. “Interdisciplinarity and Mind: An Onto-Methodological Perspective.” Polish Journal of Philosophy vol. 2, no. 1: 79–97.
-
Primas, Hans. 1998. “Emergence in Exact Natural Sciences”, Acta Polytechnica Scandinavica, vol. 91: 83–98.
-
Simon, Herbert. 2008. “Alternative Views of Complexity.” In Mark A. Bedau, & Paul Humphreys (eds.). Emergence: Contemporary Readings in Philosophy and Science, 249–58. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
-
Sperry, Roger W. 1969. “A Modified Concept of Consciousness.” Psychological Review vol. 76: 532-36. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0028156.
-
Silberstein, Michael. 2006. “In Defense of Ontological Emergence and Mental Causation.” In Philip Clayton & Paul Davies (eds.). The Re-Emergence of Emergence, 203–26. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
-
Thompson, Evan, & Francisco J. Varela. 2001. “Radical Embodiment: Neural Dynamics and Consciousness.” Trends in Cognitive Science vol. 5, issue 10: 418-425. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/ S1364-6613(00)01750-2.
-
Teller, Paul. 1986. “Relational Holism and Quantum Mechanics”, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 37, issue 1: 71–81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjps/ 37.1.71
-
Wilson, Robert. 2004. Boundaries of the Mind: The Individual in the Fragile Sciences, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Informacja o autorze/Information about Author:
Dr. hab. Robert Poczobut, Prof. at UwB—head of the Department of Epistemology and Cognitive Science at the Faculty of History and Sociology of the University of Bialystok; address for correspondence—e-mail: rpoczobut@gmail.com
Cytowanie/Citation information:
Poczobut, Robert. 2018. Contextual Emergence and Its Applications in Philosophy of Mind and Cognitive Science. "Roczniki Filozoficzne" 66, 3: 123-146, DOI: 10.18290/rf.2018.66.3-6.
Ostatnia aktualizacja: 10.10.2018, godz. 09:27 - Anna Karczewska